Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors present a unique platform for diverse biotechnological processes. Their efficient design allows for {highproductivity and favorable process parameters. The porous nature of the hollow fibers facilitates mass transfer between the internal environment and the externa

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has emerged as a prominent solution for wastewater treatment due to its ability to achieve high removal efficiencies of organic matter, nutrients, and suspended solids. MBRs integrate a biological reactor with a membrane separation unit, effectively combining the